Iranian Research Organisation for Science and Technology Journal of Technology Development Management 2008-5060 9 2 2021 08 23 Formation of Technological Capabilities for Catch-up in Complex Product Systems (The case of directional drilling equipments for oil & gas wells) Formation of Technological Capabilities for Catch-up in Complex Product Systems (The case of directional drilling equipments for oil & gas wells) 13 45 1110 10.22104/jtdm.2021.4050.2440 FA Ali Daghaieghi Ph.D. Candidate of Technology Management, University of Tehran (Alborz Campus), Tehran, Iran. Ahmad Jafarnejad Faculty Member, Faculty of Management, University of Tehran (Alborz Campus), Tehran, Iran. Naser Bagheri Moghadam Faculty Member, Technology and Innovation Policy Departments, National Research Institute for Science Policy, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0003-3457-8479 Journal Article 2020 02 02 The majority of Drilling equipment in oil gas industry is considered as Complex Products and System. Specific capabilities In the oil industry, most downhole drilling pieces of equipment are considered complex product systems. During the last decades, the National Iranian Drilling Company has made considerable efforts to acquire knowledge and technology of manufacturing related to directional drilling and reserves evaluation equipment. In this regard, this study uses the qualitative case study research strategy to examine the stages of technological capability formation for the production and development of diversion drilling equipment in this company during 27 years (1992 to 2019). According to the research findings, the company has achieved the necessary technological capabilities to manufacture equipment, despite the limitations in international cooperation. Also, these capabilities have been formed in three stages: 1) cooperation with foreign firms; 2) purchasing, installation, and exploitation of the imported equipment; and 3) independently manufacturing by developing an innovation network. The majority of Drilling equipment in oil gas industry is considered as Complex Products and System. Specific capabilities In the oil industry, most downhole drilling pieces of equipment are considered complex product systems. During the last decades, the National Iranian Drilling Company has made considerable efforts to acquire knowledge and technology of manufacturing related to directional drilling and reserves evaluation equipment. In this regard, this study uses the qualitative case study research strategy to examine the stages of technological capability formation for the production and development of diversion drilling equipment in this company during 27 years (1992 to 2019). According to the research findings, the company has achieved the necessary technological capabilities to manufacture equipment, despite the limitations in international cooperation. Also, these capabilities have been formed in three stages: 1) cooperation with foreign firms; 2) purchasing, installation, and exploitation of the imported equipment; and 3) independently manufacturing by developing an innovation network.

https://jtdm.irost.ir/article_1110_2cbca44843a864533ec05b321ae1f9d1.pdf

Iranian Research Organisation for Science and Technology Journal of Technology Development Management 2008-5060 9 2 2021 08 23 Technological Catch-up in oil E&P industry with Learning and Technological Capability development approach: EOR sector of Iran Technological Catch-up in oil E&P industry with Learning and Technological Capability development approach: EOR sector of Iran 47 89 1111 10.22104/jtdm.2021.4566.2672 FA Sina Tarighi Ph.D. Candidate, Management Economics and Progress Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0003-4829-1671 Saeed Shavvalpour Faculty Member, Management Economics and Progress Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran. Journal Article 2020 12 11 For resource-based economies like Iran, the the most important way to end the oil-dependency era is technological development. Therefore, the present study examines the technological development and catch- up trajectory of Iranian E&P companies in the field of EOR through experience-based and research-based learnings, with the mediating role of technological capabilities. In the first stage, considering the nature of knowledge and technology in EOR industry, it was examined that which mode of learning is more applicable in this industry. Then, by means of Thematic Analysis and through reviewing the most reliable sources, the relationship between modes of learning, types of capabilities, and types of technological catch-up were investigated in one framework to determine the technological path from learning to catch-up. In the second stage, with a case study of two Iranian E&P companies, their catch-up stages were studied. The research findings show that the first company has followed the path-following pattern by accumulating operational capability level through experience-based learning mechanisms, and the second company has followed path-creating pattern by adding research-based learning mechanisms and accumulating innovative capability. For resource-based economies like Iran, the the most important way to end the oil-dependency era is technological development. Therefore, the present study examines the technological development and catch- up trajectory of Iranian E&P companies in the field of EOR through experience-based and research-based learnings, with the mediating role of technological capabilities. In the first stage, considering the nature of knowledge and technology in EOR industry, it was examined that which mode of learning is more applicable in this industry. Then, by means of Thematic Analysis and through reviewing the most reliable sources, the relationship between modes of learning, types of capabilities, and types of technological catch-up were investigated in one framework to determine the technological path from learning to catch-up. In the second stage, with a case study of two Iranian E&P companies, their catch-up stages were studied. The research findings show that the first company has followed the path-following pattern by accumulating operational capability level through experience-based learning mechanisms, and the second company has followed path-creating pattern by adding research-based learning mechanisms and accumulating innovative capability.

https://jtdm.irost.ir/article_1111_b59c67bf196a4758191e42f76670ceba.pdf

Iranian Research Organisation for Science and Technology Journal of Technology Development Management 2008-5060 9 2 2021 08 23 Identifying the Effective Mechanisms of Higher-order Capabilities for Creating/Enhancing Technological Capabilities of the Latecomer Firm in the Catch-up Path: A Case Study in an Iranian Automobile Firm Identifying the Effective Mechanisms of Higher-order Capabilities for Creating/Enhancing Technological Capabilities of the Latecomer Firm in the Catch-up Path: A Case Study in an Iranian Automobile Firm 91 128 1113 10.22104/jtdm.2021.4629.2713 FA Masoud Yadaei Amnab Ph.D. Candidate in Science and Technology Policy, Faculty of Management, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Fatemeh Saghafi Faculty Member, Faculty of Management, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0003-4843-6885 Ali Mohaghar Faculty Member, Faculty of Management, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Ahmad Jafarnejad Chaghoshi Faculty Member, Faculty of Management, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Seyed Sepehr Ghazinoori . Faculty Member, Faculty of Management and Economy, University of Tarbiat Modarres, Tehran, Iran. Journal Article 2021 01 22 Latecomer firms have a significant technological gap with their international competitors. To fill this technological gap, these companies have to follow the path of technological catch-up. For technological catch-up, the latecomer firm needs to acquire new capabilities or upgrade its existing capabilities in each of the of the catch-up steps. Existing research background introduces higher-order/ dynamic capabilities as a factor in creating or upgrading firm capabilities in 4 steps: 1. Sensing, 2. Learning, 3. Integrating, 4. Coordinating. At each stage, several mechanisms must be used that have been neglected in previous research. This study intends to identify these mechanisms by separating the steps for the path from the level of duplicative imitation to the level of creative imitation through a case study in the country's automobile industry (in Iran Khodro). For this purpose, semi-structured interview tools and theme analysis methods were used, and 11 technological capabilities and 20 mechanisms for capability development were extracted. Among them, 4 mechanisms were in sensing stage, 8 mechanisms were in learning stage, 3 mechanisms were in Integrating stage and 5 mechanisms were in Coordinating stage. The final results were drawn as a conceptual model and approved by a panel of experts. Latecomer firms have a significant technological gap with their international competitors. To fill this technological gap, these companies have to follow the path of technological catch-up. For technological catch-up, the latecomer firm needs to acquire new capabilities or upgrade its existing capabilities in each of the of the catch-up steps. Existing research background introduces higher-order/ dynamic capabilities as a factor in creating or upgrading firm capabilities in 4 steps: 1. Sensing, 2. Learning, 3. Integrating, 4. Coordinating. At each stage, several mechanisms must be used that have been neglected in previous research. This study intends to identify these mechanisms by separating the steps for the path from the level of duplicative imitation to the level of creative imitation through a case study in the country's automobile industry (in Iran Khodro). For this purpose, semi-structured interview tools and theme analysis methods were used, and 11 technological capabilities and 20 mechanisms for capability development were extracted. Among them, 4 mechanisms were in sensing stage, 8 mechanisms were in learning stage, 3 mechanisms were in Integrating stage and 5 mechanisms were in Coordinating stage. The final results were drawn as a conceptual model and approved by a panel of experts.

https://jtdm.irost.ir/article_1113_9c3b1830513cc3b8fc4b76635d32e692.pdf

Iranian Research Organisation for Science and Technology Journal of Technology Development Management 2008-5060 9 2 2021 08 23 The Developmental Path of Technological Capabilities in the Latecomer Firms through the Catch-up Process: A Systematic Review of the Literature by the Meta-Synthesis Method The Developmental Path of Technological Capabilities in the Latecomer Firms through the Catch-up Process: A Systematic Review of the Literature by the Meta-Synthesis Method 129 162 1114 10.22104/jtdm.2021.4032.2429 FA Mohammad Reza Arasti Faculty Member, Department of Management and Economics, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0002-6407-3300 Nima Mokhtarzadeh Faculty Member, Department of Management, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Ismail Jafarpanah Ph.D., Department of Management, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Journal Article 2020 01 22 The focus of this study is on how the technological capabilities of the latecomer firms accumulate in the catch-up process. Literature study suggests that no comprehensive and integrated model specifies the technological capabilities of each catch-up phase. Therefore, the present study aims to fill this research gap. The main contribution of this study is to identify the dedicated technological capabilities in each catch-up stage. By comparing and combining the current findings in the literature during the years 1980 to 2018 with the meta-synthesis method, the following question is investigated: "What are the technological capabilities at each phase of the catch-up process?" The main findings of this study include summarizing the technological capability definitions, introducing the main pillars of technological capability conceptualization, collecting various typologies of technological capability, comparing different phases of the catch-up process, extracting the hierarchical structure of technological capability, and assigning each technological capability to its dedicated phase. Given the findings of this study and the specific contextual conditions of the firm, managers can customize this framework for improving technological capabilities. This firm-specific roadmap specifies which technological capabilities should be developed and upgraded at which time frame. The focus of this study is on how the technological capabilities of the latecomer firms accumulate in the catch-up process. Literature study suggests that no comprehensive and integrated model specifies the technological capabilities of each catch-up phase. Therefore, the present study aims to fill this research gap. The main contribution of this study is to identify the dedicated technological capabilities in each catch-up stage. By comparing and combining the current findings in the literature during the years 1980 to 2018 with the meta-synthesis method, the following question is investigated: "What are the technological capabilities at each phase of the catch-up process?" The main findings of this study include summarizing the technological capability definitions, introducing the main pillars of technological capability conceptualization, collecting various typologies of technological capability, comparing different phases of the catch-up process, extracting the hierarchical structure of technological capability, and assigning each technological capability to its dedicated phase. Given the findings of this study and the specific contextual conditions of the firm, managers can customize this framework for improving technological capabilities. This firm-specific roadmap specifies which technological capabilities should be developed and upgraded at which time frame.

https://jtdm.irost.ir/article_1114_d6ef5f7fa914c19931a55bb262ec879c.pdf

Iranian Research Organisation for Science and Technology Journal of Technology Development Management 2008-5060 9 2 2021 08 23 Factors Affecting Technological catch-up failure in Iran’s Steel Value Chain Factors Affecting Technological catch-up failure in Iran’s Steel Value Chain 163 196 1116 10.22104/jtdm.2021.4796.2768 FA Soma Rahmani Ph.D. of Science and Technology Policy Making, Mazandaran University, Babolsar, Iran. Mohsen AlizadehSani .Faculty Member, Faculty of Business Management, Mazandaran University, Babolsar, Iran. Manouchehr Manteghi Faculty Member, Malek Ashtar University of Technology, Tehran, Iran. Hooman Farzami Research Director, Center for Technology & Innovation intelligence for Mining Industries, Tehran, Iran. Journal Article 2021 03 19 This study aims to analyze the current technological status of the steel industry in Iran. It studies the factors affecting the failure of technological catch-up in the steel value chain and provides appropriate policy solutions for the development of this industry. To attain this aim, the paper chose the qualitative methodological strategy. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 21 experts in Iran’s steel industry and then, a qualitative content analysis method was applied to analyze the interviews. Then, the most important and effective factors were determined by mobilizing a focus group consisting of 5 Iranian steel experts. The findings show that the most important barriers to successful catching up, divided at three levels of national, sectoral, and enterprise analysis. The most important factors, according to the focus group, are weakness in research and development, international constraints, complex and time-consuming bureaucracies in receiving support, the weak constructive interaction between actors and finally, the dominance of some unauthorized institutions in the steel value chain. Finally, the focus group recommended some policy solutions of which the most important ones include 1. To invest in the development of sustainable technologies with appropriate pricing on energy, 2. To supply, coordinate, and manage the resource to eliminate the monopoly of some suppliers and to improve the supply relationship and promotion of supplier-producer, 3. To establish intermediary institutions and the centers to train skilled workers with technological knowledge and injection into various sectors of industry, and 4. To use of Iranians educated abroad in related fields and specialties. This study aims to analyze the current technological status of the steel industry in Iran. It studies the factors affecting the failure of technological catch-up in the steel value chain and provides appropriate policy solutions for the development of this industry. To attain this aim, the paper chose the qualitative methodological strategy. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 21 experts in Iran’s steel industry and then, a qualitative content analysis method was applied to analyze the interviews. Then, the most important and effective factors were determined by mobilizing a focus group consisting of 5 Iranian steel experts. The findings show that the most important barriers to successful catching up, divided at three levels of national, sectoral, and enterprise analysis. The most important factors, according to the focus group, are weakness in research and development, international constraints, complex and time-consuming bureaucracies in receiving support, the weak constructive interaction between actors and finally, the dominance of some unauthorized institutions in the steel value chain. Finally, the focus group recommended some policy solutions of which the most important ones include 1. To invest in the development of sustainable technologies with appropriate pricing on energy, 2. To supply, coordinate, and manage the resource to eliminate the monopoly of some suppliers and to improve the supply relationship and promotion of supplier-producer, 3. To establish intermediary institutions and the centers to train skilled workers with technological knowledge and injection into various sectors of industry, and 4. To use of Iranians educated abroad in related fields and specialties.

https://jtdm.irost.ir/article_1116_dd77279f7d325eec933f05b1672f6a1f.pdf

Iranian Research Organisation for Science and Technology Journal of Technology Development Management 2008-5060 9 2 2021 08 23 Identification and Explanation of the Critical Success Factors of Technological Catch-up in the Marine Industry of the Defense Sector of the Islamic Republic of Iran Identification and Explanation of the Critical Success Factors of Technological Catch-up in the Marine Industry of the Defense Sector of the Islamic Republic of Iran 197 224 1117 10.22104/jtdm.2021.3935.2387 FA Mohammad Mehdi Maleki Karam Abad Ph.D. Candidate of Science and Technology Policy Making, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Mazandaran University, Babolsar, Iran. Manouchehr Manteghi Faculty Member, University Complex of Management and Industrial Engineering, Malek Ashtar University of Technology, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0003-1839-0994 Behnam Abdi Faculty Member, Department of Management, Emam Ali University, Tehran, Iran. Journal Article 2019 12 11 The defense industry of Iran has developed the technological capabilities required by its various departments during the technological catch-up process, which in some cases, has led to the elimination of the existing technological gap and the increase of Iran's competitiveness in the field of defense. However, a successful technological catch-up requires the identification of critical factors in various defense industries, such as the marine industry. In this regard, the purpose of this research is to identify and explain the critical factors of technological catch-up success factors in the marine industry of the defense sector. In this exploratory and qualitative research, first of all, regardless of the specific industry or field, the vital factors of technological catch-up have been extracted from the theoretical foundations and research background. Then, using the grounded theory strategy and relying on interviews with experts, the findings of the first step are examined in the marine industry of the defense sector. Accordingly, the critical success factors of the aforementioned industries, consist of supporting industry and domestic production, strengthening the role of skilled human resources, formulating appropriate laws and regulations, spreading the culture of self-confidence, strengthening the technological capability of the defense industry, promoting formal learning, strengthening the role of ownership, and strengthening the role of research centers The defense industry of Iran has developed the technological capabilities required by its various departments during the technological catch-up process, which in some cases, has led to the elimination of the existing technological gap and the increase of Iran's competitiveness in the field of defense. However, a successful technological catch-up requires the identification of critical factors in various defense industries, such as the marine industry. In this regard, the purpose of this research is to identify and explain the critical factors of technological catch-up success factors in the marine industry of the defense sector. In this exploratory and qualitative research, first of all, regardless of the specific industry or field, the vital factors of technological catch-up have been extracted from the theoretical foundations and research background. Then, using the grounded theory strategy and relying on interviews with experts, the findings of the first step are examined in the marine industry of the defense sector. Accordingly, the critical success factors of the aforementioned industries, consist of supporting industry and domestic production, strengthening the role of skilled human resources, formulating appropriate laws and regulations, spreading the culture of self-confidence, strengthening the technological capability of the defense industry, promoting formal learning, strengthening the role of ownership, and strengthening the role of research centers

https://jtdm.irost.ir/article_1117_0eec27c419d0fe24e53c90338cdc8bc6.pdf

Iranian Research Organisation for Science and Technology Journal of Technology Development Management 2008-5060 9 2 2021 08 23 Evaluation of Technological and Innovation Capabilities in Iranian Plastics Companies: Obstacles to Catch-up Evaluation of Technological and Innovation Capabilities in Iranian Plastics Companies: Obstacles to Catch-up 225 266 1118 10.22104/jtdm.2021.4583.2682 FA Somayeh Faghih Mirzaei Ph.D. Student of Technology Management, Science and Research branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Mohammadreza Razavi Faculty Member, Faculty of management and Economics, Science and Research branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Farhad Ghafari Faculty Member, Faculty of management and Economics, Science and Research branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Mohammad Ali Shafia Faculty member, School of Management, Economics and Progress Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran. Journal Article 2020 12 19 Following the financial crisis of 2008, the newly industrialized countries have re-emphasized to pursue catching up strategy to attain industrialialization. In this strategy, the goal is promoting technological and innovative capabilities on the one hand, and improving competitive capabilities on the other. This study evaluates the technological and competitive capabilities of Iranian plastics companies to provide a clear picture of these companies and their obstacles to catch up. For this purpose, a questionnaire was completed to evaluate 55 companies in the top rankings based on 12 elements, followined by the semi-structured interviews. The analysis showed that strengths of Plastics companies are capabilities of process engineering, project execution, and linkage. However, their weaknesses is quite evident in complementary capabilities even pre-investment and learning capabilities. Afterward, those companies were classified into three groups of imitators, creative imitators and innovators by clustering method, investigating their distinctive characteristics.The paper concludes the lack of adequate complementary capabilities stands out as a key obstacle in the process of catch up. Following the financial crisis of 2008, the newly industrialized countries have re-emphasized to pursue catching up strategy to attain industrialialization. In this strategy, the goal is promoting technological and innovative capabilities on the one hand, and improving competitive capabilities on the other. This study evaluates the technological and competitive capabilities of Iranian plastics companies to provide a clear picture of these companies and their obstacles to catch up. For this purpose, a questionnaire was completed to evaluate 55 companies in the top rankings based on 12 elements, followined by the semi-structured interviews. The analysis showed that strengths of Plastics companies are capabilities of process engineering, project execution, and linkage. However, their weaknesses is quite evident in complementary capabilities even pre-investment and learning capabilities. Afterward, those companies were classified into three groups of imitators, creative imitators and innovators by clustering method, investigating their distinctive characteristics.The paper concludes the lack of adequate complementary capabilities stands out as a key obstacle in the process of catch up.

https://jtdm.irost.ir/article_1118_c60d060b946d6dd6145dcbad5c4ccf6f.pdf

Iranian Research Organisation for Science and Technology Journal of Technology Development Management 2008-5060 9 2 2021 08 23 Policy Framework for Technological Catch-up of Industrial Firms in Less Developed Regions of Iran Policy Framework for Technological Catch-up of Industrial Firms in Less Developed Regions of Iran 267 296 1119 10.22104/jtdm.2021.4670.2721 FA Reza Naghizadeh Faculty member, National Research Institute for Science Policy, Tehran, Iran. Journal Article 2021 01 26 The development of technology in the less developed regions especially for industrial units is important. One of the Technological development in the manufacturing is an important factor for the development of the less developed regions. One of the challenges to which these regions are now facing is inability to accept the technological change and to catch up with the developed regions. In the last 20 years, there were many programs to help these regions to catch up, yet, most of them has been failed. This paper aims to propose a policy framework for the technological catch up of the manufacturing sector. The seleceted research method is macro-case study by which 12 provinces are examined. Based on the results of this study, five types of policies (resource orientation, institutional and legal structure, market, financing and learning and technical knowledge flow) and fifteen key policies have been identified under policy framework. The development of technology in the less developed regions especially for industrial units is important. One of the Technological development in the manufacturing is an important factor for the development of the less developed regions. One of the challenges to which these regions are now facing is inability to accept the technological change and to catch up with the developed regions. In the last 20 years, there were many programs to help these regions to catch up, yet, most of them has been failed. This paper aims to propose a policy framework for the technological catch up of the manufacturing sector. The seleceted research method is macro-case study by which 12 provinces are examined. Based on the results of this study, five types of policies (resource orientation, institutional and legal structure, market, financing and learning and technical knowledge flow) and fifteen key policies have been identified under policy framework.

https://jtdm.irost.ir/article_1119_8597a6cfa74defcbde3047c891d78f90.pdf