The Dimensions and Components of Technological Entrepreneurship Ecosystem in Iran

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Entrepreneurship faculty, University of Tehran

2 Faculty of Entrepreneurship, University of Tehran

Abstract

Technological entrepreneurship is an important path for technology commercialization and has direct effects on sustainable growth & welfare of nations. Formation and performance of these businesses depend on a proper context that is referred to as technological entrepreneurship ecosystem (TEE). This research by adopting a multi-stage procedure tries to identify and define the dimensions and components of this ecosystem with regard to Iran's specific conditions. At first, based on the meta-synthesis strategy possible dimensions and components of this ecosystem have been identified from the related sources. Then, by adopting the survey strategy and using the concluded questionnaire of the previous stage, we conducted 19 structured interviews. The analysis of resulted data ended in 129 components and twelve dimensions of market, culture, technological entrepreneur, talents, education & research, networks & interactions, support services, capital, governance, organizations, special conditions, and infrastructure for the technological entrepreneurship ecosystem in Iran.

Keywords


-          Ahmad, N., & Hoffman, A. (2008). A framework for addressing and measuring entrepreneurship. OECD (Vol. 2). https://doi.org/10.1787/243160627270
-          ANDE. (2013). Entrepreneurial Ecosystem Diagnostic Toolkit. Aspen Network of Development Entrepreneurs, (December), 1–32.
-          Auerswald, P. E. (2015). Enabling Entrepreneurial Ecosystems: Insights from Ecology to Inform Effective Entrepreneurship Policy. Kauffman foundation (Vol. 41). Retrieved from https://www.kauffman.org/-/media/kauffman_org/research-reports-and-covers/2015/10/enabling_entrepreneurial_ecosystems.pdf
-          Boutillier, S., Carré, D., & Levratto, N. (2016). Entrepreneurial Ecosystems (1st ed.). ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
-          Burke, R., Boylan, R., & Walsh, S. (1998). Developing technological entrepreneurs in China. Pioneering New Technologies: Management Issues and Challenges in the Third Millennium. In International Engineering Management Conference (IEMC).
-          Byers, T. H., Dorf, R. C., Nelson, a. J. (2011). Technology Venture from Idea to Enterprise. NewYork: McGraw-Hill.
-          Cornell University, INSEAD, & WIPO. (2016). The Global Innovation Index 2016.
-          Cross Border Virtual Incubator. (2013). Optimising the entrepreneurship ecosystem.
-          Durst, S., & Poutanen, P. (2013). Success factors of innovation ecosystems - Initial insights from a literature review. CO-CREATE 2013: The Boundary-Crossing Conference on Co- Design in Innovation, 27–38.
-          Elia, G., Margherita, A., & Romano, A. (2013). Accelerating Smart Growth through Collective Intelligence: the Conceptual Foundation of the Technology Entrepreneurship “eGosystem.” Institute of Knowledge Asset Management, (June), 12–14.
-          Entezari, Y. (2015). Building Knowledge- Based Entrepreneurship Ecosystems: Case of Iran. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 195, 1206–1215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.06.242
-          Erwin, E. J., Brotherson, M. J., & Summers, J. A. (2011). Understanding qualitative metasynthesis. Journal of Early Intervention, 33(3), 186–200. https://doi.org/10.1177/1053815111425493
-          Etzkowitz, H., & Leydesdorff, L. (2000). The dynamics of innovation: from National Systems and “Mode 2” to a Triple Helix of university–industry–government relations. Research Policy, 29(2), 109–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-7333(99)00055-4
-          European Commission. (2014). Inspiring and Completing European Innovation Ecosystems. Belgium.
-          Feld, B. (2012). Startup Communities: Building an Entrepreneurial Ecosystem in Your City. Wiley.
-          Fereday, J., & Muir-Cochrane, E. (2006). Demonstrating Rigor Using Thematic Analysis: A Hybrid Approach of Inductive and Deductive Coding and Theme Development. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 5(1), 80–92. https://doi.org/10.1177/160940690600500107
-          Fink, A. (2003). The Survey Handbook. Education And Training (2nd ed., Vol. 1). SAGE Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412986328
-          GEDI. (2016). Global Entrepreneurship Index.
-          GEDI. (2017). Global Entrepreneurship Index.
-          GERA. (2016). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. Retrieved from http://www.gemconsortium.org/report
-          Gnyawali, D. R., & Fogel, D. S. (1994). Environments for entrepreneurship development: key dimensions and research implications. Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice, 18, 43–62.
-          Groth, O. J., Esposito, M., & Tse, T. (2015). What Europe Needs Is an Innovation-Driven Entrepreneurship Ecosystem: Introducing EDIE. Thunderbird International Business Review, 57(4), 263–269. https://doi.org/10.1002/tie.21709
-          Gupta, R., Jain, K., & Momaya, K. S. (2015). Technology Entrepreneurship Ecosystem in India : Findings from a Survey. Retrieved from https://www.pomsmeetings.org/confpapers/060/060-1492.pdf
-          Hwang, W., & Horowitt, G. (2012). The Rainforest: the secret to building the next silicon valley. Regenwald.
-          Iran Entrepreneurship Association. (2014). Entrepreneurship Ecosystem in Iran. Tehran.
-          Isenberg, D. J. (2010). How To Start an Entrepreneurial Revolution. Harvard Business Review, (June), 12.
-          Isenberg, D. J. (2011). The Entrepreneurship Ecosystem Strategy as a New Paradigm for Economic Policy: Principles for Cultivating Entrepreneurships. The Babson Entrepreneurship Ecosystem Project.
-          Jansen, H. (2010). The Logic of Qualitative Survey Research and its Position in the Field of Social Research Methods. FORUM: QUALITATIVE SOCIAL RESEARCH, 11(2).
-          Joffe, B. (2012). Ecosystem 101: The Six Necessary Categories To Build The Next Silicon Valley. Retrieved November 10, 2015, from http://techcrunch.com/2012/09/01/ecosystem-101-the-six-necessary-categories-to-build-the-next-silicon-valley/
-          Kayal, A. a. (2008). National innovation systems: a proposed framework for developing countries. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management, 8(1), 74. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJEIM.2008.018615
-          Kshetri, N. (2014). Developing successful entrepreneurial ecosystems. Baltic Journal of Management, 9(3), 330–356. https://doi.org/10.1108/BJM-09-2013-0146
-          Lee, C.-M. (2000). The Silicon Valley edge: a habitat for innovation and entrepreneurship. Stanford University Press.
-          Lee, S., & Ayrikyan, A. (2010). Technology Entrepreneurship for Emerging Markets – An Ecosystem Approach. Retrieved November 10, 2015, from http://www.innovationmanagement.se/2010/12/13/technology-entrepreneurship-for-emerging-markets-an-ecosystem-approach/
-          Lotz, F. J. (2006). Technological Entrepreneurship in an Emerging Economic Region: a Model Developed From a Multi-Cultural Provincial Study. University of Pretoria.
-          Mason, C., & Brown, R. (2014). Entrepreneurial Ecosystems and Growth Oriented Entrepreneurship. Oecd. Retrieved from https://www.oecd.org/cfe/leed/Entrepreneurial-ecosystems.pdf
-          Neck, H. M., Meyer, G. D., Cohen, B., & Corbett, A. C. (2004). An Entrepreneurial System View of New Venture Creation. Journal of Small Business Management, 42(2), 190–208. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-627X.2004.00105.x
-          Oksanen, K., & Hautamäki, A. (2014). Transforming regions into innovation ecosystems: A model for renewing local industrial structures. The Innovation Journal: The Public Sector Innovation Journal, 19(2), 2–17.
-          Petti, C., & Zhang, S. (2011). Factors influencing technological entrepreneurship capabilities: Towards an integrated research framework for Chinese enterprises. Journal of Technology Management in China, 6(1), 7–25. https://doi.org/10.1108/17468771111105631
-          Pilinkus, D., & Boguslauskas, V. (2007). New Technology Investment as a Key to Country Competitiveness. Economics and Management, 12, 814–825.
-          Prodan, I. (2007). A model of technological entrepreneurship. In F. Thérin (Ed.), Handbook of Research on Techno-Entrepreneurship (pp. 26–39). Cheltenham, UK • Northampton, MA, USA: Edward Elgar Publishing.
-          Rabelo, R. J., & Bernus, P. (2015). A holistic model of building innovation ecosystems. IFAC-PapersOnLine, 28(3), 2250–2257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2015.06.423
-          Roja, A. (2015). Technology Entrepreneurial Ecosystems and Entrepreneurship in the West Region of Romania. Studia Universitatis Economics Series, 25(1), 40–59. https://doi.org/10.1515/sues-2015-0004
-          Sandelowski, M., Docherty, S., & Emden, C. (1997). Focus on qualitative methods. Qualitative metasynthesis: issues and techniques. Research in Nursing & Health, 20(4), 365–371. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-240X(199708)20:4<365::AID-NUR9>3.0.CO;2-E
-          Saunders, M., Lewis, P., & Thornhill, A. (2016). Research Methods for Business Students (Seventh ed). Pearson Education Limited.
-          Siyanbola, W. O., Aderemi, H. O., Egbetokun, A. A., & Sanni, M. (2011). Framework for Technological Entrepreneurship Development: Key Issues and Policy Directions. American Journal of Industrial and Business Management, 1(1), 10–19. https://doi.org/10.4236/ajibm.2011.11002
-          Smilor, R. W., & Feeser, H. R. (1991). Chaos and the entrepreneurial process: Patterns and policy implications for technology entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Venturing, 6(3), 165–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-9026(91)90007-Z
-          Spigel, B. (2015). The Relational Organization of Entrepreneurial Ecosystems. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice. https://doi.org/10.1111/etap.12167
-          SSTI. (2013). Trends in Tech-based Economic Development: Local, State and Federal Action in 2013.
-          Stam, E. (2015). Entrepreneurial Ecosystems and Regional Policy: A Sympathetic Critique. European Planning Studies, 23(9), 1759–1769. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2015.1061484
-          Stuckey, H. (2015). The second step in data analysis: Coding qualitative research data. Journal of Social Health and Diabetes, 3(1), 7–10. https://doi.org/10.4103/2321-0656.140875
-          Suresh, J., & Ramraj, R. (2012). Entrepreneurial Ecosystem : Case Study on the Influence of Environmental Factors on Entrepreneurial Success. European Journal of Business and Management, 4(16), 95–102.
-          Tansley, A. G. (1935). The Use and Abuse of Vegetational Concepts and Terms. Ecology, 16(3), 284–307. https://doi.org/10.2307/1930070
-          The State Science and Technology Institute. (2006). A Resource Guide for Technology-based Economic Development. Retrieved from https://ssti.org/sites/default/files/resourceguidefortbed.pdf
-          Valdez, J. (1988). The entrepreneurial ecosystem: Toward a theory of new firm formation.
-          Venkataraman, S. (2004). Regional transformation through technological entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Venturing, 19(1), 153–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2003.04.001
-          World Bank. (2007). The World Bank Institute’s program on building knowledge economies.
-          World Economic Forum. (2014). Entrepreneurial Ecosystems Around the Globe and Early-Stage Company Growth Dynamics.
-          World Economic Forum. (2016). The Global Competitiveness Report 2016-2017.